No matter whether you’re a fair weather rider, or a professional racer, one thing we have in common is we need our brakes and braking systems not to let us down. Understanding your braking system is crucial for safety and performance, no matter what you ride. If you read this guide and get to the end you’ll be a master in all things motorcycle brakes.
We’ll go over everything below and more:
- Understanding Motorcycle Brake Systems
- Types of Brake Systems
- Factors to Consider When Choosing a Brake System
- Choosing the Right Brake Pads
- Brake Discs (Rotors): What You Need to Know
- Brake Callipers: Single vs Multi-Piston
- Performance Upgrades and Aftermarket Options
- Maintenance and Care Tips
1. Understanding Motorcycle Brake Systems
Alright, let’s start off by getting to grips with the basics of motorcycle brake systems. Like anyone, we take the brakes of a bike for granted, they are just there and when we need them and they do their job. But they are much more than something to help us stop, they are lifesavers, literally! How much would you say you really know about how brakes work? Understanding the parts of your brake system and how it functions can really change the way you approach your bike and your riding – for the better! So, let’s dive into it…
The Basics of Motorcycle Braking
First things first, your brakes do more than just stop your bike. When you hit the brake lever (or the rear brake pedal), you’re doing more than just slowing down—you’re actually shifting the balance of your entire motorcycle. It’s like that feeling when you lean forward on a roller coaster right before it stops, but with a lot more control.
When you brake, your bike’s weight shifts forward, putting more load on the front wheel. That’s why the front brake is usually the more powerful of the two. In fact, most of your stopping power (around 70%) comes from that front brake, while the rear brake helps stabilise things, especially when you’re going slow or riding off-road.
Key Components of a Brake System
Now, let’s talk about parts. Your bike’s brake system might seem complicated at first glance, but it’s really just a bunch of crucial components working together to bring you safely to a stop. Here’s the lowdown on the main parts:
- Brake Callipers: The callipers house the brake pads and are responsible for clamping down on the brake disc when you pull the lever. Think of them as the muscle of the operation—they’re what gives you that stopping force.
- Brake Pads: These are what actually make contact with the brake disc. They’re small, but they’re mighty. There are different types (more on that later), and choosing the right one can seriously improve your braking performance.
- Brake Discs (or Rotors if you’re American): These are the metal discs attached to your wheels that the brake pads clamp onto. The friction between the pads and the disc is what slows you down. Discs come in different designs, some solid, some drilled, some wavy, and they all have their own pros and cons.
- Brake Master Cylinder: This is where the magic starts. When you pull the brake lever, the master cylinder pumps brake fluid through the brake lines, which creates hydraulic pressure. That pressure forces the callipers to squeeze the brake pads onto the discs.
- Brake Lines: These carry brake fluid from the master cylinder to the callipers. Stock bikes often come with rubber brake lines, but if you’re after crisper brake feel, upgrading to steel-braided lines can make a huge difference.
- Brake Fluid: This is the lifeblood of your braking system. It transfers the force from the lever to the callipers, making them clamp down on the discs. But watch out, it absorbs moisture over time, which can cause spongy brakes. Regular replacements keep your brakes sharp and responsive.
And there you have it! With a solid understanding of these basics, you’re already ahead of the curve when it comes to motorcycle brakes and picking the right system, or if it’s a toss up between 2 bikes with different brakes. Keep this in mind as you explore different brake options for your bike, you’ll know what you’re looking for and why it matters when it’s time to hit the road (or the track, or trials).
2. Types of Brake Systems
Types of Motorcycle Brakes: Disc vs. Drum
Here’s where things get a little more interesting. While most modern bikes have disc brakes, some older models (and a few newer budget or smaller bikes) still use drum brakes—especially on the rear wheel.
Disc Brakes:
These are what you’ll find on most bikes these days. They’re exposed to the air, which helps with cooling, and they’re way better at handling heat. This is important because when you brake hard, the system generates a lot of heat, and if it gets too hot, your braking performance drops. Disc brakes are reliable, they’re easy to maintain, and they offer better stopping power overall.
Drum Brakes:
Now, drum brakes are a bit of a throwback. You’ll still see them on smaller bikes or scooters, and while they do the job, they’re not as effective at dissipating heat. Drum brakes are sealed, which helps protect them from dirt and debris (making them useful for off-road situations), but they don’t offer the same braking force as disc brakes. If you’re riding something vintage, you might have drum brakes, but if you’re on anything modern, disc brakes are the way to go – plus they are usually found as standard.
ABS:
ABS on your bike, what is it and why’s it important for safety when braking?
An anti lock braking system or ABS is really important for safety and control on your bike. Even if you don’t know what it is you’ve probably felt it if you’ve ever had to slam on the brakes in your bike or car. That juddering feeling when braking really hard is the ABS at work, that feeling is completely normal and it’s the reason you don’t just lock your wheels and skid right into the car (or wall in front of you) in a cloud of smoke!
From January 2017 it became a legal requirement for all new bikes to have ABS (at least in the EU and UK). It works very much the same way as a car. The ABS system helps to maintain traction and avoid a collision by regulating the pressure of the braking fluid, and decreasing the stopping distance which helps you come to a controlled stop. If you’ve ever had to brake really hard, it helps avoid locking up the wheel, just as in a car. This is more crucial on a bike because if you lock the front on your bike you’re potentially going sliding down the road…
It’s worth bearing in mind not all bikes have ABS, and there are certain models of the same bike which are available with ABS and without it. Because of this and the facts we’ve just mentioned it’s worth considering the pros and cons of the system:
Pros
- Adapts to poor braking and road conditions – One of the most annoying parts about being a biker is the roads and its unpredictable condition. If only every public road was as smooth as a race track we wouldn’t need to worry. If you’ve ever been out and it’s started to rain, you’ll know how slippery it can get, especially on the painted lines. ABS works to assess the levels of grip your bike is experiencing and adapt accordingly, helping you stay upright.
- Reduces crashes and fatalities – There have been various studies about the usefulness of ABS on bikes, but what always comes back is the effectiveness of it reducing crashes and potential fatalities.
Cons
- Not as effective off-road – Off-road riders may not need ABS as much as it’s often important to rotate the rear of the bike to get around tricky obstacles or navigate rough terrain.
- Cost – This is negligible nowadays as all new bikes have this. But in the past you may have had to pay out for expensive repairs, and as such many riders avoided choosing it.
These are not points to turn your nose up at and worth bearing in mind when you next go out for a ride.
3. Factors to Consider When Choosing a Brake System
Now that we’ve got the basics covered, let’s talk about the big question: How do you actually choose the right brake components for your motorcycle? Whether you’re looking for an upgrade or just trying to make an informed decision, there are a few key factors to keep in mind. Let’s break it down.
Riding Style
First off, you’ve got to consider how you ride. Are you cruising around town on your daily commute, or do you prefer tearing up twisty mountain roads on weekends? Different riding styles need different braking setups:
- Commuting or Touring: For day-to-day riding, comfort and reliability are key. You’ll want brakes that give you smooth stopping power and work well under all conditions, especially in traffic or long-distance trips.
- Performance/Sports Riding: If you’re riding fast, especially if you go on track, you need brakes that can handle high speeds, extreme braking forces and high temperatures. Strong front brakes with excellent heat dissipation are your best friend here.
- Off-Roading: For the dirt riders, braking can be tricky. You need a system that gives you control on loose surfaces, meaning you’ll probably use the rear brake a lot more to avoid losing traction up front.
Type of Motorcycle
Your bike’s design plays a big role in your brake system choices. A big, heavy cruiser isn’t going to need the same setup as a light sportbike or an adventure bike. Here’s a quick rundown:
- Sportbikes: You’ll want high-performance disc brakes with lots of stopping power and great heat resistance.
- Cruisers and Touring Bikes: These need strong motorcycle brakes that work well for long-distance riding, with an emphasis on comfort and low maintenance.
- Dirt Bikes: Lightweight brakes that give you control on uneven terrain are the way to go.
- Scooters or Small Bikes: Simplicity and cost-effectiveness are key here, so drum motorcycle brakes or basic disc systems are usually enough.
Weather Conditions
Where you ride matters too. If you’re in an area that gets a lot of rain, snow, or ice, you’re going to need brakes that perform well in wet conditions. Here’s where ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) can be a game-changer in preventing wheel lockup when roads are slick. On the other hand, if you’re mostly riding in dry conditions, you might not need the added cost or complexity of ABS, so you don’t need to rush out and sell your older bike or trade it in for something newer which has it as standard!
Weight of the Motorcycle
A heavier bike needs more stopping power—it’s as simple as that. Bigger, heavier motorcycles (think cruisers or touring bikes) will often need larger discs and more robust callipers to handle the added weight. Lighter bikes can get away with smaller systems, but if you’re planning to carry a passenger or heavy luggage, make sure your motorcycle brakes are up to the task.
Maintenance Requirements
Finally, think about how much maintenance you’re willing to do. Some brake systems need a bit more care than others:
- Disc Brakes: Generally require regular checks on pad wear and disc (rotor) condition but are fairly easy to maintain.
- ABS Systems: While ABS is a great safety feature, it does add complexity. If you’re riding a lot in challenging conditions, ABS is worth the investment, but keep in mind it can be more expensive to fix if things go wrong.
- Brake Fluid: No matter the system, you’ll need to replace your brake fluid every 12 months or so to keep things working smoothly. Old, contaminated fluid can lead to poor braking performance, so don’t skip this!
With these factors in mind, you’ll have a much better sense of what kind of brake system fits both your motorcycle and your riding needs. And remember—there’s no one-size-fits-all answer, so take the time to weigh these considerations before making a decision.
4. Choosing the Right Brake Pads
Now let’s get into one of the most critical parts of your brake system: the brake pads. These are the pieces that actually make contact with your brake disc to stop the bike, so picking the right ones can make all the difference. Whether you’re after better performance or just need something durable, it’s worth taking a minute to understand your options.
Types of Brake Pads: Organic vs Sintered vs Ceramic
There are three main types of brake pads: organic, sintered, and ceramic. Let’s break them down:
Organic Brake Pads:
These are usually made from a mix of materials like rubber, glass, and carbon, all bound together with resin. They’re quieter and cheaper than the other options, which is great if you’re using your bike daily and not pushing it to its limits. The downside? They wear out faster and aren’t as effective in wet conditions.
Sintered Brake Pads:
These are the most common type you’ll find on modern bikes, especially sportbikes and heavy cruisers. They’re made by fusing metal particles together under heat and pressure, which makes them tough and long-lasting. They work great in all conditions (wet or dry), and they give you better performance under heavy braking. The trade-off is that they can be a little noisier.
Ceramic Brake Pads:
These are the high-end option, usually reserved for fast road, track or race bikes. Made from ceramic materials and copper fibres, they can handle extreme heat, which makes them perfect for aggressive riding or track days. They also last a long time and won’t wear your discs (rotors) as quickly as sintered pads. But, they’re more expensive, so unless you’re really into performance riding, they might be overkill.
Selecting Pads Based on Riding Needs
Okay, so which one should you go for? Well, it depends on how and where you ride:
- If you’re commuting or taking it easy on the weekends, organic pads might be all you need. They’re affordable, quiet, and get the job done.
- If you like to push your bike a bit harder—especially in different weather conditions—sintered pads are a solid middle-ground option. You’ll get better stopping power and they’ll last longer.
- For the serious riders out there, especially if you’re hitting the track, ceramic pads are the way to go. They can take the heat (literally) and will give you the best performance over time.
Choosing the right brake pads is a small detail that can make a big difference in your riding experience!
5. Brake Discs (Rotors): What You Need to Know
When it comes to brake performance, the discs (rotors) play a huge role. These are the metal discs your brake pads clamp onto, and they do a lot more than just sit there looking shiny. The right discs can give you better stopping power, handle heat more efficiently, and even improve the overall feel of your motorcycle brakes.
Types of Brake Discs: Round vs. Patterned vs. Wavy
Let’s start with brake disc design. You’ve probably seen discs with holes or slots cut into them, and there’s a reason for that:
Round Discs:
Classic and straightforward, these provide consistent braking performance and are often more durable. Great for everyday riding, they’re reliable and have a lower wear rate.
Patterned Discs:
These feature unique designs like cross-drilling or intricate patterns, which help with heat dissipation and reduce weight. They’re perfect for riders looking to shave off those extra grams and improve cooling.
Wavy Discs:
These have an undulating edge that enhances cooling and reduces weight. They’re designed to improve performance, especially in extreme conditions, but may wear pads slightly faster.
Solid Discs:
Mainly found on classic bikes and so not really found often nowadays but still worth mentioning, these are just what they sound like—smooth discs with no holes or slots. They’re durable and typically last longer than their fancy-looking counterparts. If you’re doing a lot of casual riding, solid discs are perfect because they’re reliable and don’t wear out as fast.
Materials
This is where things get interesting if you’re looking for something a little more specialised. There are a few common materials used for brake discs:
Cast Iron: Traditional and affordable, cast iron discs are heavy but offer great stopping power. The downside is the weight, which can affect handling.
Stainless Steel: These are the most common on modern bikes because they strike a nice balance between durability and performance. They’re corrosion-resistant and handle heat well, making them a solid all-round choice.
Carbon-Ceramic: If you’re after performance, carbon-ceramic discs are the top-tier option. They’re incredibly light, handle extreme heat without breaking a sweat, and last almost forever. But (and there’s always a but) they’re expensive… Unless you’re doing some serious track riding, they might be overkill for everyday use.
How to Choose Discs Based on Your Motorcycle
So, how do you choose? Well, it depends on your bike and how you ride:
If you’re mostly commuting or cruising, round discs are a solid choice. They provide reliable performance without excessive wear and tear.
If you’re pushing your bike hard, like on track days, patterned discs are ideal. They offer better cooling and reduced weight for high-speed riding.
And if you want top-notch performance and are willing to invest, wavy discs are the way to go. They’re lightweight, improve cooling, and enhance braking response.
When it comes to discs, it’s all about finding the right balance between performance, durability, and your budget. Once you’ve got the right setup, you’ll feel the difference every time you grab that lever.
6. Brake Callipers: Single vs Multi-Piston
Brake callipers are basically the biceps of your braking system. They house the brake pads and push them against the rotor, creating the friction that stops your bike. Simple, right? But not all callipers are created equal. You’ve got single-piston and multi-piston callipers, and they each have their pros and cons depending on your bike and how you ride.
Single-Piston callipers
Let’s start with the basic option: single-piston callipers. These are found on many entry-level or commuter bikes. The name gives it away, there’s just one piston in the calliper that pushes the brake pad onto the rotor. It’s a simple setup, and simple means easy to maintain and affordable. They’re perfect for daily riding where you’re not slamming on the brakes at high speeds all the time. However, single-piston callipers don’t have as much clamping power, so they’re not ideal for heavy or high-performance bikes.
Multi-Piston callipers
For those who need more stopping power, multi-piston callipers are where it’s at. You’ve got callipers with two, four, or even six pistons, giving you more even pressure on the brake pads and better overall stopping force. These are most common on sportbikes and heavier touring bikes where you need reliable, strong braking.
More pistons = more stopping power. But they also come with some downsides: higher maintenance costs, more complex installation, and they can add a bit of weight to your bike. But if you’re into performance riding or just want more confidence in your stopping power, multi-piston callipers are definitely the way to go.
Which Calliper is Right for You?
If you’re using your bike for daily commutes or relaxed rides, single-piston callipers will probably get the job done just fine. They’re reliable, and more affordable.
But if you’re into fast-paced riding or carrying a lot of weight on your bike (whether that’s touring gear or a passenger), multi-piston callipers are definitely worth considering. They’ll give you the extra bite you need when you need to stop quickly or ride more aggressively.
So, the choice really comes down to your riding style and the type of bike you’re on. More pistons give you more power, but single-piston callipers might be all you need if your rides are a little more laid-back.
7. Performance Upgrades and Aftermarket Options
Whether you’re after better stopping power, improved feel, or just want your bike to perform at its best, there are plenty of ways to level up your brake system. Let’s go over some popular upgrades that can make a real difference.
Upgrading to Performance Pads and Discs (Rotors)
One of the easiest and most effective upgrades you can make is switching to performance brake pads and discs. High-quality sintered or ceramic pads can give you better braking performance, especially when you’re riding hard. And if you’ve been using standard discs, upgrading to wavy discs will help with heat dissipation, making your motorcycle brakes more reliable when you need them most.
Why upgrade? You’ll notice better bite, improved fade resistance, and longer-lasting braking power, especially if you’re into track riding.
Steel Braided Brake Lines
If you’re looking for a more responsive feel when you hit the brake lever, steel braided brake lines are a game-changer. The rubber brake lines that come stock on most bikes can expand under pressure, which can give your motorcycle brakes that squishy, less-responsive feel. Steel braided lines, on the other hand, don’t flex as much, meaning you get a firmer, more direct connection between the lever and the brake pads.
Why upgrade? More consistent braking feel, especially in extreme conditions, plus these lines are more durable and last longer than stock rubber lines. Perfect if you ride on track, off-road or on long trips frequently as they give you peace of mind.
High-Performance Brake Fluids
Don’t underestimate the importance of brake fluid. Upgrading to high-performance brake fluid with a higher boiling point is especially crucial if you ride hard and want consistency. Under extreme conditions, standard brake fluid can boil, leading to a loss of braking power, or what’s known as brake fade. Swapping in a performance brake fluid ensures your motorcycle brakes are ready for anything you throw at them.
Brake fluids are graded on a ‘DOT’ scale, (Department of Transportation) from DOT 2 to 5.1. In the first days of brake fluids they were made of castor oil based hydraulic fluids and alcohols like ethanol and butanol, these are classed as DOT 2 standard fluids. However today brake fluids are classed as DOT 3, 4, and 5.1 and are made with Glycol based fluids. Then after that came silicone based fluids with a DOT 5 standard (yes this is now starting to get confusing as 5 should come before 5.1, but here we are…). Silicone based fluids are not as widely used as 5.1.
For most motorcycles DOT 4 and 5.1 are the only ones you need to think about as the others aren’t suitable. Take a look at your owners manual or on the reservoir cap for the recommended fluid for your bike. However, if neither of these are helpful, you can always Google it and you’ll find the answer easy enough!
Getting the right one is important as mixing brake fluids can cause compatibility issues due to the boiling points being different.
Why upgrade? Better heat tolerance and reduced risk of brake fade when riding aggressively or in high-temperature conditions.
With these upgrades, you can drastically improve your braking performance, whether you’re riding on the street, track, or trail. Just remember, it’s always a good idea to have a pro install these upgrades if you’re not comfortable doing it yourself, safety first!
8. Maintenance and Care Tips
It’s important to regularly check and service your bike, including the brakes. Not much of what we’ve talked about matters a whole lot if you neglect to keep your brakes in top condition. Just like your engine, regular checks and maintenance will see you enjoy your next ride even more. Here’s what you should be thinking about the next time you want to take your bike out:
Regular Inspection
Start by getting into the habit of checking your brakes regularly. Look at your brake pads to make sure they aren’t worn down too thin. If they are, it’s time to replace them before you hear that dreaded squeal of metal-on-metal. Check the discs for any deep grooves or warping, which could mean they’re worn out or overheating.
Pro tip: If your bike feels like it’s taking longer to stop, or the lever feels soft, it’s probably time to take a closer look at your motorcycle brakes.
Brake Fluid Replacement
How often should you change motorcycle brake fluid?
Brake fluid tends to be one of those things we forget about until it’s too late. Over time, brake fluid can absorb moisture, which lowers its boiling point and can lead to brake fade (which isn’t ideal, as we mentioned in the previous section). Most manufacturers recommend changing your brake fluid every one to two years, but check your owner’s manual for specifics. This will be dependent on the amount of riding your doing, if you ride a lot, like daily you might want to consider changing it every 6 to 12 months.
Pro tip: Make sure you use the right type of brake fluid for your bike (usually DOT 4 or 5.1), and always bleed the brake system properly to get rid of any air bubbles.
Signs You Need to Replace or Upgrade Your Brakes
Your bike will give you plenty of warning signs when your brakes need some attention. If you’re hearing squealing, grinding, or your lever feels soft and spongy, it’s time to get those brakes checked out. Similarly, if you feel any vibrations when braking, your discs could be warped or uneven.
Pro tip: If your brakes are showing these signs, don’t wait too long to replace or upgrade components, it’s your safety on the line!
Staying on top of brake maintenance will not only keep your rides smoother, but it can also help avoid costly repairs down the road.
To sum up
Understanding your brake system may not seem like the most important or exciting thing about owning a bike, and frankly we have to agree, but that doesn’t make it any less important! Your motorcycle brakes, along with helping you navigate the roads, can allow you to enjoy your next ride even more.
Enjoyed this? Read more on the Demon Tweeks blog:
- Best Motorcycle Tyres 2024
- Understanding Motorcycle Tyre Markings
- Step By Step Guide: How to Change a Motorcycle Tyre
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